Engineered magnetic nanoparticles as recyclable Brønsted acid catalysts: Advances in particle design and applications in organic transformations

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The development of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as heterogeneous catalysts represents a significant advancement in sustainable chemical synthesis. Among these, MNPs functionalized with Brønsted acid groups, particularly sulfonic acids, phosphonic acids, and acidic ionic liquids, have emerged as a versatile class of catalysts that combine the efficiency of homogeneous acids with the practical benefits of magnetic recoverability. These systems address critical challenges in traditional acid catalysis, including catalyst separation, waste generation, and energy-intensive recovery processes. By leveraging the unique properties of magnetic cores (e.g., Fe3O4, CoFe2O4) and tailored acid-functionalized shells, researchers have created robust catalytic platforms applicable to diverse organic transformations, from biomass valorization to pharmaceutical synthesis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the synthesis, characterization, and catalytic applications of magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with Brønsted acid groups.

Graphical Abstract

Engineered magnetic nanoparticles as recyclable Brønsted acid catalysts: Advances in particle design and applications in organic transformations

Highlights

  • Advanced Synthesis: Cutting-edge methods (e.g., covalent grafting, polymer coatings) enable precise attachment and control of Brønsted acids on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs).
  • Versatile Catalytic Activity: Acid-functionalized MNPs exhibit robust performance across diverse organic and multicomponent reactions.
  • Sustainable & Green: Magnetic recoverability, high recyclability, and resistance to leaching make these nanocatalysts ideal for scalable, eco-friendly applications.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by IROST.

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Journal of Particle Science and Technology
Volume 11, Issue 1
June 2025
Pages 63-92

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  • Receive Date: 29 August 2025
  • Revise Date: 16 November 2025
  • Accept Date: 30 December 2025

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