https://jpst.irost.ir/ Journal of Particle Science and Technology en daily 1 Wed, 25 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Wed, 25 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://jpst.irost.ir/article_1559.html Unlike light quarkonium bound states, the relativistic effects in highly massive quarkonium states, such as Bottomia, in the large radial excitation states, cause Bottomia to have a strong reaction and sensitivity to relativistic corrections. Highly excited states have a larger separation distance between the constituent quark-antiquark pair in the bound state. Therefore, they will have a relatively high velocity, which makes the relativistic kinetic energy and relativistic mass of quarks non-negligible. Notably, in this study, one of the important behaviors of relativistic effects of predicted highly excited hadronic bound states of Bottomia within the hybrid confinement potential is obtained. The high-energy refinement and relativistic effect modification of mass and kinematic energy are defined within the formalism of quantum oscillator principles and quantum field theory, utilizing the auxiliary variational method. Relativistic corrections and effects on the shape of the potential due to relativistic mass are plotted and compared to the calculated non-relativistic plots. The values of the mass spectra of Bottomia used in the potential plot are consistent with predictions from other theoretical approaches and explain the behavior of the results obtained by the used method. https://jpst.irost.ir/article_1560.html The growing complexity of modern medicine necessitates advanced drug delivery systems (DDS) that surpass the limitations of conventional methods in safety, efficacy, and personalization. This review examines innovative materials, including lipid nanoparticles, hydrogels, dendrimers, metal–organic frameworks, exosomes, silica nanoparticles, and stimuli-responsive polymers, and their potential to achieve targeted, controlled, and responsive drug release. Their biocompatibility, drug-loading efficiency, targeting specificity, and translational readiness have been assessed based on recent literature and clinical data. Furthermore, a five-phase roadmap (2025–2045) has been proposed, outlining the anticipated evolution of drug delivery systems from material optimization and hybrid nanosystems to AI-driven design, clinical translation, and sustainable bio-integrated platforms. Emerging technologies, like CRISPR-gated hydrogels, magnetothermal brain tumor delivery, and exosome-based RNA therapies, are highlighted as key drivers of future innovation. Despite significant promise, challenges remain in regulatory alignment, scalability, and long-term safety. This review underscores the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and strategic investment to translate laboratory breakthroughs into real-world solutions, thereby paving the way for precision medicine, equitable access, and sustainable therapeutic delivery. https://jpst.irost.ir/article_1590.html Induced gas flotation (IGF) is an efficient physical method for separating dispersed oil from produced water. This study optimized IGF parameters for oils with near-water density (specific gravity ≈ 0.9 g.cm-3) using response surface methodology (RSM). Experiments evaluated flotation time, air-flow rate, salinity, oil concentration, and temperature. Oil-separation efficiency, defined as the percentage ratio of recovered oil mass to the initial oil mass, was measured in a 2 lit glass column equipped with a silicone-membrane bubbler. The RSM model identified flotation time and salinity as dominant factors (p < 0.05). Optimum conditions (45 min, 0.5 L.min⁻¹ air flow, 20 g.lit⁻¹ salinity, 1000 ppm oil, 20 °C) yielded approximately 70 % removal efficiency, with higher temperatures reducing efficiency due to increased oil solubility. The results confirm the applicability of IGF to challenge near-density oil systems and provide an experimentally validated optimization framework. https://jpst.irost.ir/article_1610.html Abattoirs have been identified as significant sources of aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), due to the combustion-intensive nature of meat processing activities, especially in developing countries such as Nigeria. These compounds are recognized as persistent environmental pollutants with carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxicological effects, thereby posing substantial risks to both human health and ecological systems. Both passive and active air sampling techniques were employed to determine particulate-bound PAHs. A fabricated polyurethane foam (PUF) disk sampler, an air quality monitor, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis were used. The particle-bound polycyclic hydrocarbons PM2.5, PM10, and TSP measured at the abattoirs in Kwara State, Nigeria were 121-1557, 139-1744, and 265-3301 µg.m-3, respectively, for the Sobi abattoir, and 165.25-684.5, 196.25-726.25, and 265-1178.25 µg.m-3 for the Ipata abattoir. The toxicity potential (TP) for the particulate emissions at the Sobi abattoir ranged between 0.47 and 30.54, while the Ipata abattoir ranged between 0.54 and 18.75. The incremental cancer inhalation risk assessment (ILRC) for exposure within the Sobi and Ipata abattoirs was estimated at 3.319 × 10-7  and 5.01 × 10-7, respectively. The adverse non-cancer health risk was 1.481 and 0.300 for Sobi and Ipata, respectively. The study confirms that PAH emissions from these abattoirs pose measurable non-cancer health risks to exposed vulnerable populations and recommends adopting cleaner technologies, such as a solar or biogas-heated scalding system, to mitigate emisspons and protect the vulnerable. https://jpst.irost.ir/article_1608.html Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) and tropospheric ozone (O₃) pose significant risks to air quality and public health in urban environments, particularly in developing regions reliant on diesel-powered machinery. This study investigates the aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX) emitted from diesel grinding engines at the Isale-Koto food processing market in Ilorin, Nigeria. Passive sampling at 10 locations (5 indoor, 5 outdoor) over one month captured VOC concentrations, and then analyzed them via gas chromatography. Ozone formation potential (OFP) was estimated using maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) coefficients, while secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP) employed reactivity-based metrics relative to toluene. Results revealed higher indoor VOC levels, with total OFP at 148.014 µg.m-³ indoors versus 128.098 µg.m-³outdoors (15.5 % increase), dominated by toluene (29-31 %) and m-xylene (25 %). Total SOAP at 4,076.82 µg.m-³ (16.4 % above outdoor levels). Toluene, m-xylene, and ethylbenzene were dominant contributors to OFP, while benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene accounted for 84 % of SOAP due to high concentrations and reactivity. These findings highlight diesel engine exhaust as a key precursor to ozone and SOA formation, with indoor accumulation due to poor ventilation amplifying photochemical pollution at ground-level and posing serious health risks, especially for workers exposed over long durations. The study emphasizes the urgent need for improved ventilation, cleaner energy alternatives, and emission regulations. https://jpst.irost.ir/article_1632.html The development of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as heterogeneous catalysts represents a significant advancement in sustainable chemical synthesis. Among these, MNPs functionalized with Brønsted acid groups, particularly sulfonic acids, phosphonic acids, and acidic ionic liquids, have emerged as a versatile class of catalysts that combine the efficiency of homogeneous acids with the practical benefits of magnetic recoverability. These systems address critical challenges in traditional acid catalysis, including catalyst separation, waste generation, and energy-intensive recovery processes. By leveraging the unique properties of magnetic cores (e.g., Fe₃O₄, CoFe₂O₄) and tailored acid-functionalized shells, researchers have created robust catalytic platforms applicable to diverse organic transformations, from biomass valorization to pharmaceutical synthesis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the synthesis, characterization, and catalytic applications of magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with Brønsted acid groups. https://jpst.irost.ir/article_1644.html Aluminum alloy 7055, due to its high strength and corrosion resistance, is widely used in aerospace structures. However, its susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) limits its performance. In this study, the combined effects of zirconium (Zr) addition and retrogression and re-aging (RRA) heat treatment on the microstructure, grain boundary precipitates, and stress corrosion resistance of 7055 aluminum alloy were investigated. For property evaluation, microstructural characterization was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), while mechanical and stress corrosion tests were conducted according to ASTM standards. The results showed that Zr addition refined the grains and promoted the formation of Al₃Zr particles within the matrix, inhibiting grain growth during heat treatment. RRA treatment accompanied by Zr addition improved the mechanical strength from 528 MPa to 608 MPa and increased the stress corrosion resistance from 68% to 96%. The combined effect of Zr addition and RRA treatment resulted in a more stable microstructure, with improved strength and resistance to stress-corrosion cracking.