Iranian Research Organization for Science and TechnologyJournal of Particle Science and Technology2423-408711120250625Effects of hybrid confinement potential on predictable hadronic highly resonance states110155910.22104/jpst.2025.7612.1277ENArezuJahanshirDepartment of Physics and Engineering Sciences, Buein Zahra Technical University, Qazvin, IranEkwevugbOmugbeDepartment of Physics, University of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Umuagwo, Imo State, NigeriaJournal Article20250511Unlike light quarkonium bound states, the relativistic effects in highly massive quarkonium states, such as Bottomia, in the large radial excitation states, cause Bottomia to have a strong reaction and sensitivity to relativistic corrections. Highly excited states have a larger separation distance between the constituent quark-antiquark pair in the bound state. Therefore, they will have a relatively high velocity, which makes the relativistic kinetic energy and relativistic mass of quarks non-negligible. Notably, in this study, one of the important behaviors of relativistic effects of predicted highly excited hadronic bound states of Bottomia within the hybrid confinement potential is obtained. The high-energy refinement and relativistic effect modification of mass and kinematic energy are defined within the formalism of quantum oscillator principles and quantum field theory, utilizing the auxiliary variational method. Relativistic corrections and effects on the shape of the potential due to relativistic mass are plotted and compared to the calculated non-relativistic plots. The values of the mass spectra of Bottomia used in the potential plot are consistent with predictions from other theoretical approaches and explain the behavior of the results obtained by the used method.https://jpst.irost.ir/article_1559_d3c543c9dc2f0a6314b818c490f003b9.pdfIranian Research Organization for Science and TechnologyJournal of Particle Science and Technology2423-408711120250630Review of advanced materials technology for targeted and sustained drug delivery with the aim of developing a roadmap1125156010.22104/jpst.2025.7626.1279ENMahdiGholampourDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Ali Officers' University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20250522The growing complexity of modern medicine necessitates advanced drug delivery systems (DDS) that surpass the limitations of conventional methods in safety, efficacy, and personalization. This review examines innovative materials, including lipid nanoparticles, hydrogels, dendrimers, metal–organic frameworks, exosomes, silica nanoparticles, and stimuli-responsive polymers, and their potential to achieve targeted, controlled, and responsive drug release. Their biocompatibility, drug-loading efficiency, targeting specificity, and translational readiness have been assessed based on recent literature and clinical data. Furthermore, a five-phase roadmap (2025–2045) has been proposed, outlining the anticipated evolution of drug delivery systems from material optimization and hybrid nanosystems to AI-driven design, clinical translation, and sustainable bio-integrated platforms. Emerging technologies, like CRISPR-gated hydrogels, magnetothermal brain tumor delivery, and exosome-based RNA therapies, are highlighted as key drivers of future innovation. Despite significant promise, challenges remain in regulatory alignment, scalability, and long-term safety. This review underscores the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and strategic investment to translate laboratory breakthroughs into real-world solutions, thereby paving the way for precision medicine, equitable access, and sustainable therapeutic delivery.https://jpst.irost.ir/article_1560_2c78f036f9144d0f47ff0d7ece5c34ae.pdfIranian Research Organization for Science and TechnologyJournal of Particle Science and Technology2423-408711120251101Optimization of induced gas flotation parameters for removal efficiency of near-water-density oils using response surface methodology2737159010.22104/jpst.2025.7531.1274ENSajadBahadorDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranAbdolrezaSamimiDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranDavodMohebbi-KalhoriDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranJournal Article20250403Induced gas flotation (IGF) is an efficient physical method for separating dispersed oil from produced water. This study optimized IGF parameters for oils with near-water density (specific gravity ≈ 0.9 g.cm<sup>-3</sup>) using response surface methodology (RSM). Experiments evaluated flotation time, air-flow rate, salinity, oil concentration, and temperature. Oil-separation efficiency, defined as the percentage ratio of recovered oil mass to the initial oil mass, was measured in a 2 lit glass column equipped with a silicone-membrane bubbler. The RSM model identified flotation time and salinity as dominant factors (<em>p </em>< 0.05). Optimum conditions (45 min, 0.5 L.min⁻¹ air flow, 20 g.lit⁻¹ salinity, 1000 ppm oil, 20 °C) yielded approximately 70 % removal efficiency, with higher temperatures reducing efficiency due to increased oil solubility. The results confirm the applicability of IGF to challenge near-density oil systems and provide an experimentally validated optimization framework.https://jpst.irost.ir/article_1590_a90c4abad0471c88d1334e93d89d7086.pdfIranian Research Organization for Science and TechnologyJournal of Particle Science and Technology2423-408711120250625Toxicity and carcinogenic potentials of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted at the epicenter of major abattoirs in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria3951161010.22104/jpst.2025.7900.1284ENIsmail EMuhibbudinDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, NigeriaTinuoye AgnesIfeoluwaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, NigeriaPelumi DavidKehindeDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, NigeriaJournal Article20250930Abattoirs have been identified as significant sources of aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), due to the combustion-intensive nature of meat processing activities, especially in developing countries such as Nigeria. These compounds are recognized as persistent environmental pollutants with carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxicological effects, thereby posing substantial risks to both human health and ecological systems. Both passive and active air sampling techniques were employed to determine particulate-bound PAHs. A fabricated polyurethane foam (PUF) disk sampler, an air quality monitor, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis were used. The particle-bound polycyclic hydrocarbons PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, and TSP measured at the abattoirs in Kwara State, Nigeria were 121-1557, 139-1744, and 265-3301 µg.m<sup>-3</sup>, respectively, for the Sobi abattoir, and 165.25-684.5, 196.25-726.25, and 265-1178.25 µg.m<sup>-3</sup> for the Ipata abattoir. The toxicity potential (TP) for the particulate emissions at the Sobi abattoir ranged between 0.47 and 30.54, while the Ipata abattoir ranged between 0.54 and 18.75. The incremental cancer inhalation risk assessment (ILRC) for exposure within the Sobi and Ipata abattoirs was estimated at 3.319 × 10<sup>-7 </sup>and 5.01 × 10<sup>-7</sup>,<sup> </sup>respectively. The adverse non-cancer health risk was 1.481 and 0.300 for Sobi and Ipata, respectively. The study confirms that PAH emissions from these abattoirs pose measurable non-cancer health risks to exposed vulnerable populations and recommends adopting cleaner technologies, such as a solar or biogas-heated scalding system, to mitigate emisspons and protect the vulnerable.https://jpst.irost.ir/article_1610_7564ffffc5b88ab2eae93c46078fd37e.pdfIranian Research Organization for Science and TechnologyJournal of Particle Science and Technology2423-408711120251128Secondary organic aerosol and ozone formation potentials from diesel engine emissions at Isale-Koto, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria5361160810.22104/jpst.2025.7902.1285ENIsmail EMuhibbudinDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, NigeriaJournal Article20250930Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) and tropospheric ozone (O₃) pose significant risks to air quality and public health in urban environments, particularly in developing regions reliant on diesel-powered machinery. This study investigates the aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX) emitted from diesel grinding engines at the Isale-Koto food processing market in Ilorin, Nigeria. Passive sampling at 10 locations (5 indoor, 5 outdoor) over one month captured VOC concentrations, and then analyzed them via gas chromatography. Ozone formation potential (OFP) was estimated using maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) coefficients, while secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP) employed reactivity-based metrics relative to toluene. Results revealed higher indoor VOC levels, with total OFP at 148.014 µg.m-³ indoors versus 128.098 µg.m-³outdoors (15.5 % increase), dominated by toluene (29-31 %) and m-xylene (25 %). Total SOAP at 4,076.82 µg.m-³ (16.4 % above outdoor levels). Toluene, m-xylene, and ethylbenzene were dominant contributors to OFP, while benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene accounted for 84 % of SOAP due to high concentrations and reactivity. These findings highlight diesel engine exhaust as a key precursor to ozone and SOA formation, with indoor accumulation due to poor ventilation amplifying photochemical pollution at ground-level and posing serious health risks, especially for workers exposed over long durations. The study emphasizes the urgent need for improved ventilation, cleaner energy alternatives, and emission regulations.https://jpst.irost.ir/article_1608_2fdda25f19ad3fe355c284ffe984911e.pdf