ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Ash and sulphur removal from bitumen using column flotation technique: Experimental and response surface methodology modeling
This study investigates removing ash and pyrite sulphur from bitumen by column flotation process. Central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for modeling and optimization of the percentage of ash and pyrite sulphur removal from bitumen. The effects of five parameters namely the amounts of collector and frother agents, particle size, wash water rate and feed rate on percentage of ash and pyrite sulphur removal from bitumen were investigated. The used bitumen sample has 26.4% ash and sulphur content of 9.6% (6.81% in the pyrite sulphur form). All the tests were carried out under aeration rate of 4L/min and pulp containing 5% of solid using pine oil and kerosene as frother and collector agents, respectively. The coefficient of determination, R2, showed that the RSM model can specify the variations with the accuracy of 0.971 and 0.975 for ash and pyrite sulphur removal from bitumen, respectively, thus ensuring a satisfactory adjustment of the model with the experimental data. The RSM was used to optimize the process conditions, which showed that initial amount of collector of 2.00kg/tbitumen, amount of frother of 0.2ppm, particle size of 101.29mesh, wash water rate of 0.5L/min and feed rate 1.26L/min were the best conditions. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum percentage of ash and pyrite sulphur removal from bitumen was 88.74% and 90.89%, respectively.
https://jpst.irost.ir/article_334_051069e45f9efdace3f73f1826cd7df8.pdf
2016-03-01
1
13
10.22104/jpst.2016.334
Ash removal
Pyrite sulphur removal
Bitumen
Column Flotation process
Response surface methodology
Yasser
Vasseghian
y_vasseghian@yahoo.com
1
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mojtaba
Ahmadi
ahmadi@razi.ac.ir
2
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Joshaghani
joshaghani@razi.ac.ir
3
Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah 67149, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] M. Erol, C. Colduroglu, Z. Aktas, The effect of reagents and reagent mixtures on froth flotation of coal fines, Int. J. Miner. Process. 71 (2003) 131–145.
1
[2] R.C. Timpe, M.D. Mann, J.H. Pavlish, P.K.K. Louie, Organic sulphur and hap removal from coal using hydrothermal treatment, Fuel Process. Technol. 73 (2001) 127–141.
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[3] M. Abdollahy, A.Z. Moghaddam, K. Rami, Desulfurization of mezino coal using combination of flotation and leaching with potassium hydroxide/ methanol, Fuel 85 (2006) 1117–1124.
3
[4] M.S. Karen, B. John, A. Thomas, O. Donnell, G. David, Production of Ultra Clean Coal Part I Dissolution
4
behavior of mineral matter in black coal toward hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, Fuel Process. Technol.
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70 (2001) 171–192.
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[5] K.A. Clark, Temperature effects in the conditioning and flotation of bitumen from oil sands, in terms of
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oil, Recovery and physical properties, Canadian Patent No. 289,058 (issued Apr. 23, 1929).
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[6] L.L. Schramm, E.N. Stasiuk, D. Turner, The influence of interfacial tension in the recovery of bitumen by
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water-based conditioning and flotation of Athabasca oil sands, Fuel Process. Technol. 80 (2003) 101–118.
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993–997.
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[9] J. Barraza, J. Piñeres, A pilot-scale flotation column to produce beneficiated coal fractions having high concentration
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of vitrinite maceral, Fuel 84 (2005) 1879–1883.
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16
and sulphur rejection using column flotation, Fuel Pro cess. Technol. 97 (2012) 30–37.
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fine coal through flotation, Int. J. Miner. Process. 92 (2009) 1–6.
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[13] S.I. Angadi, J. Ho-Seok, S. Nikkam, Experimental analysis of solids and water flow to the coal flotation
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froths, Int. J. Miner. Process. 110–111 (2011) 62–70.
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cell, Powder Technol. 246 (2013) 689–694.
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[15] Y. Vasseghian, N. Heidari, M. Ahmadi, G.R. Zahedi, A.A. Mohsenipour, Simultaneous ash and sulphur
25
removal from bitumen: Experiments and neural network modeling, Fuel Process. Technol. 125 (2014) 79-85.
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using Designed Experiment, second ed., A Wiley- Interscience Publication, Hoboken, 2002.
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Books, ISBN: 9780080994178, 2014.
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39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Hollow alumina nanospheres as novel catalyst for the conversion of methanol to dimethyl ether
This paper investigates hollow and porous alumina nanospheres that were previously synthesized to be used for the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether (DME). As hollow nanostructures possess characteristics such as low density and high surface to volume ratio, their catalytic activity between hollow and porous structure is compared. For this purpose, three most important parameters (acidity, temperature and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV)) affecting the performance of these catalysts were investigated. The catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD) techniques. Results show that the optimum operating condition for hollow alumina nanosphere can be achieved at temperature of 275 ºC and WHSV of 20 h-1 compared with operating condition for porous alumina at temperature of 325 ºC and WHSV of 20 h-1.
https://jpst.irost.ir/article_348_68fd869e8414e09305f617f4118ccc94.pdf
2016-03-01
15
22
10.22104/jpst.2016.348
Methanol
dehydration
dimethyl ether
hollow
alumina nanospheres
Nader
Rostamizadeh
rostamizadeh59@gmail.com
1
Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,Iran
AUTHOR
Mirabdullah
Seyedsadjadi
m.s.sadjad@gmail.com
2
Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
S. A.
Sadjadi
3
Institute of Water and Energy, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-8639, Tehran, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
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[3] T. Takeguchi, K. Yanagisawa, T. Inui, M. Inoue, Effect of the property of solid acid upon syngas-to-dimethyl ether conversion on the hybrid catalysts composed of Cu–Zn–Ga and solid acids
3
Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 192 (2000) 201-209.
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[4] A.M. Arkharov, S.D. Glukhov, L. V. Grekhov, A. A. Zherdev, N. A. Ivashchenko, D. N
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Kalinin, Use of Dimethyl Ether as a Motor Fuel and a Refrigerant, Chem. Petrol. Eng. 39 (2003) 330-336.
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[8] J. Xia, D. Mao, B. Zhang, Q. Chen, Y. Zhang, Y. Tang, Catalytic properties of fluorinated alumina for the production of dimethyl ether, Catal. Commun. 7 (2006) 362-366.
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[9] J. Khom-in, P. Praserthdam, J. Panpranot, O. Mekasuwandumrong, Dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether over nanocrystalline Al2O3 with mixed γ- and χ-crystalline phases, Catal. Commun.
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[11] A. García-Trenco, A. Martínez, Direct synthesis of DME from syngas on hybrid CuZnAl/ZSM-5 catalysts: New insights into the role of zeolite acidity, Appl. Catal. A. 411-412 (2012) 170– 179.
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[12] M. H. Zhang, Z. M. Liu, G. D. Lin, H. B. Zhang, Pd/CNT-promoted Cu ZrO2/HZSM-5 hybrid catalysts for direct synthesis of DME from CO2/H2 , Appl. Catal. A. 451 (2013) 28– 35.
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[13] Y. Zhang, D. Li, Y. Zhang, Y. Cao, S. Zhang, K. Wang, F. Ding, V-modified CuO–ZnO–ZrO2/HZSM-5 catalyst for efficient direct synthesis of DME from CO2 hydrogenation, Catal. Commun. 55 (2014) 49–52.
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[14] F. Frusteri, G. Bonuraa, C. Cannilla, G. D. Ferrantea, A. Aloise, E. Catizzone, M. Migliori, G. Giordano, Stepwise tuning of metal-oxide and acid sites of CuZnZr-MFI hybrid catalysts for the direct DME synthesis by CO2 hydrogenation, Appl. Catal. B 176–177 (2015) 522–531.
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[15] Y. J. Lee, J. M. Kim, J. W. Bae, C. H. Shin, K. W. Jun, Phosphorus induced hydrothermal stability and enhanced catalytic activity of ZSM-5 in methanol to DME conversion, Fuel 88 (2009) 1915–1921.
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[16]L. Liu, W. Huang, Z. h. Gao, L. h. Yin, Synthesis of AlOOH slurry catalyst and catalytic activity for methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 18 (2012) 123–127.
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[17] Y. Sang, H. Liu, S. He, H. Li, Q. Jiao, Q. Wu, K. Sun, Catalytic performance of hierarchical H-ZSM-5/MCM-41 for methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether, J. Energ. Chem. 22(2013)769–777.
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[18] Z. Zuo, L. Wang, P. Han, W. Huang, Effect of surface hydroxyls on dimethyl ether synthesis
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over the γ-Al2O3 in liquid paraffin: a computational study, J. Mol. Model 19 (2013) 4959–4967.
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[19] S. M. Solyman, M. A. Betiha, The performance of chemically and physically modified local kaolinite in methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether, Egyp. J. Petroleum. 23 (2014) 247-254.
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[20] F. Yaripour, Z. Shariatinia, S. Sahebdelfar, A. Irandoukht, The effects of synthesis operation conditions on the properties of modified c-alumina nanocatalysts in methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether using factorial experimental design, Fuel. 139 (2015) 40–50.
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[24] Y. Wang, W. J. Tseng, A novel technique for synthesizing nanoshell hollow alumina particles, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 92 (2009) S32–S37.
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38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Grinding-aid effect on the colour properties (Ry, whiteness and yellowness) of calcite in stirred media milling
This study investigates the influence of some chemical additives such as methanol, ethanol, sodium oleat, chloroform and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) on the dry fine grinding of calcite (X50= 33 µm) using a stirred media mill. The experiments were carried out by a batch operation, and the change in colour properties (Ry, whiteness and yellowness) of calcite powder. The results showed that the chemical additives promote the fine grinding of calcite obtained with ethanol and methanol at a range of 0.5%. Ry and whiteness values of the ground calcite products very slightly increased from 94.10 and 87.04 to 94.76 and 87.75 respectively with grinding aid (ethanol) increased from 0% to 1%. Ry value was affected slightly adversely with sodium oleat, chloroform and SHMP indicating that the quality of colour of calcite deteriorates. It was also found that ΔRy increases with increasing amount of grinding aids from 0% to 0.5% for methanol and ethanol, indicating that the quality of colour of calcite heals.
https://jpst.irost.ir/article_355_50b2e9dee67c1f2a5c927c0b88d820a7.pdf
2016-03-01
23
29
10.22104/jpst.2016.355
Stirred media mill
fine grinding
calcite
grinding aid
colour properties
Oner Yusuf
Toraman
otoraman@ohu.edu.tr
1
Mining Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Omer Halisdemir University, 51240 Nigde, Turkey
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] M. Hasegawa, M. Kimata, M. Yaguchi, Effect of behavior of liquid additive molecules in dry ultrafine grinding of limestone, KONA Powder and Particle Journal, 24 (2006) 213-221.
1
[2] H. Choi, W. Lee, S. Kim, Effect of grinding aids on the kinetics of fine grinding energy consumed of calcite powders by a stirred ball mill, Advanced Powder Technology, 20 (2009) 350-354.
2
[3] Y. Wang andE. Forssberg, Dispersant in stirred ball mill grinding, KONA Powder and Particle Journal, 13 (1995) 67-77.
3
[4] J.Zhao, D.Wang, X.Wang, S.Liao, H.Lin, Effect of grinding aids on the particles characteristics of cement and analysis of action mechanism, Advanced Materials Research, 936 (2014) 1404-1408.
4
[5] M. Hasegawa, M. Kimata, M. Shimane, T. Shoji, M. Tsuruta, The effect of liquid additives on dry ultrafine grinding of quartz, Powder Technology, 114 (2001) 145-151.
5
[6] D.W. Fuerstenau, Grinding aids, KONA Powder and Particle Journal, 13 (1995) 5-18.
6
[7] A.H. Shinohara, K. Sugiyama, E.F. Kasai Saito, Y. Waseda, Effects of moisture on grinding of natural calcite by a tumbling ball mill, Advanced Powder Technology, 4(4) (1993) 311-319.
7
[8] J. Zheng, P. Harris, P. Somasundaran, The effect of additive on stirred media milling of limestone, Powder Technology, 91 (1997) 173-179.
8
[9] R.R. Klimpel, The selection of wet grinding chemical additives based on slurry rheology control, Powder Technology, 105 (1999) 430-435.
9
[10] R. Greenwood, N. Rowson,S. Kingman, G. Brown, A new method for determining the optimum dispersant concentration in aqueous grinding, Powder Technology, 123 (2012) 199-207.
10
[11] H.K. Choi and W.S. Choi, Ultra fine grinding mechanism of inorganic powders in a stirred ball mill-The effect of grinding aids-, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 20(3) (2003) 554-559.
11
[12] H. Choi, W. Lee, D.U. Kim, S. Kumar, S.S. Kim, H.S. Chung, J.H. Kim, Y.C. Ahn, Effect of grinding aids on the grinding energy consumed during grinding of calcite in a stirred ball mill, Minerals Engineering, 23 (2010) 54-57.
12
[13] O.Y.Toraman, Effect of chemical additive on stirred bead milling of calcite powder, Powder Technology, 221 (2012) 189-191.
13
[14] O.Y.Toraman, D.Katırcıoglu, A Study on the Effect of Process Parameters in Stirred Ball Mill, Advanced Powder Technology, 22(1) (2011) 26-30.
14
[15] Technical guides colour models CIEXYZ (http://dba.med.sc.edu/price/irf/Adobe_tg/ models/ciexyz.html
15
[16] Scandinavian Pulp, Paper and Board Testing Committee (SCAN-P 89:03), Preparation of tablets for the measurement of ISO brightness, Y-value and colour (C/2°), 4 p. SE-114 86Stockholm,Sweden, 2003.
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The measurement of droplet size distribution of water-oil emulsion through NMR method
The effects of water/oil volume ratio, type and concentration of demulsifier, water salinity and mixing speed on the average water droplets size in water-oil emulsion are evaluated at different times through NMR measurements.The type and concentration of demulsifier have the greatest effects on the average droplet size with 38% and 31.5%, respectively. The water/oil volume ratio, water salinity and mixing speed are significant factors with 13.1%, 7.5% and 5.71%, respectively. The commercial demulsifier Break 6754 has the greater influenceon the average droplet size compared to the acrylic acid. The water droplets size increases upon increasing the concentration of demulsifier, the water volume ratio and the salinity of water and decreases upon increasing the mixing speed.
https://jpst.irost.ir/article_360_7be36ce5ba3b7e69907255fb24fe156f.pdf
2016-03-01
31
39
10.22104/jpst.2016.360
NMR measurement
water-oil emulsion
droplet size
demulsifier
Arash
Amani
arshia_2397@yahoo.com
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali Reza
Solaimany Nazar
asolaimany@eng.ui.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hasan
Sabzyan
sabzyan@sci.ui.ac.ir
3
Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Gholamhassan
Azimi
gh.azimi@sci.ui.ac.ir
4
Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] I. B. Ivanov, P. A. Kralchevsky, Stability of emulsions under equilibrium and dynamic conditions, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 128 (1997) 155-175.
1
[2] M. Fingas, B. Fieldhouse, M. Bobra, E. Tennyson, The physics and chemistry of emulsions. Environment Canada and Consult chem, Ottawa, Canada and US Minerals Management Service, Herndon, Virginia, 1993.
2
[3] D. B. Curtis, M. Aycibin, M. A. Young, V. H. Grassian, P. D. Kleiber, Simultaneous measurement of light-scattering properties and particle size distribution for aerosols: Application to ammonium sulfate and quartz aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ. 41 (2007) 4748-4758.
3
[4]S. Chodankar, V. K. Aswal, P. A. Hassan, A. G. Wagh, Structure of protein–surfactant complexes as studied by small-angle neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering, Physica B: Condens. Matter. 398 (2007) 112-117.
4
[5]D. S. Parker, W.J. Kaufman, D. Jenkins, Floc breakup in turbulent flocculation processes, J. Sanitary Eng. Div. 98 (1972) 79-99.
5
[6] P. S. Denkova, S. Tcholakova, N. D. Denkov, K. D. Danov, B. Campbell, C. Shawl, D. Kim, Evaluation of the precision of drop-size determination in oil/water emulsions by low-resolution NMR spectroscopy, Langmuir, 20 (2004) 11402-11413.
6
[7] C. P. Aichele, M. Flaum, T. Jiang, G. J. Hirasaki, W.acterization using a pulsed field gradient with diffusion editing (PFG-DE) NMR technique, J. Colloid interface Sci. 315 (2007) 607-619. G. Chapman, Water in oil emulsion droplet size characterization using a pulsed field gradient with diffusion editing (PFG-DE) NMR technique, J. Colloid interface Sci. 315 (2007) 607-619.
7
[8] K.G. Hollingsworth, A.J. Sederman, C. Buckley, L.F. Gladden, M.L. Johns, Fast emulsion droplet sizing using NMR self-diffusion measurements, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 274 (2004), 244-250.
8
[9] N. van der Tuuk Opedal, G. Sørland, J. Sjöblom, Methods for droplet size distribution determination of water-in-oil emulsions using low-field NMR, Diffusion Fundamentals, 7 (2009) 1-29.
9
[10] P.P. Mitra, P.N. Sen, L.M. Schwartz, Short-time behavior of the diffusion coefficient as a geometrical probe of porous media, Phys. Rev. B, 47 (1993) 8565.
10
[11] M.D. Hurlimann, K.G. Helmer, L.L. Latour, C.H. Sotak, Restricted diffusion in sedimentary rocks. Determination of surface-area-to-volume ratio and surface relativity, J. Magn. Reson. A, 111 (1994) 169-178.
11
[12] K.S. Mendelson, M.H. Cohen, The effect of grain anisotropy on the electrical properties of sedimentary rocks, Geophys., 47 (1982) 257-263.
12
[13] R. Roy, Design of experiments using the Taguchi approach, New York: Wiley; 2001.
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of catalyst particle size on methanol dehydration at different temperatures and weight hourly space velocities
The effect of catalyst particle size on dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether is investigated using fixed bed and micro-channel reactors at different temperatures and weight hourly space velocities. The experiments were carried out at 290 and 320oC. The space velocities were changed from 10 up to 90h-1 and from 1.22 to 3.65h-1 for fixed bed and micro-channel reactors, respectively. Considering the catalyst particle size effect on dehydration reaction, the particle size was changed from 0.063 to 1mm. Commercial gamma alumina was used as catalyst in all the experiments. The fabricated micro-channel reactor had 40 channels with 1mm diameter and 6 cm length. The channels were sub-coated with alumina and finally were coated with gamma alumina as dehydration catalyst. The results showed that methanol conversions were increased by increasing the temperature and decreasing the particle size of the catalyst. Furthermore, methanol conversion in micro-channel reactor was less than for fixed bed reactor under the similar WHSVs, due to the special geometrical shape of the micro-channels.
https://jpst.irost.ir/article_388_762c671666952578cb7c822d5731e988.pdf
2016-03-01
41
47
10.22104/jpst.2016.388
Methanol Dehydration
Fixed Bed Reactor
Micro-Channel Reactor
Catalyst Particle Size
DME
Leila
Khoshrooyan
leila.khoshrooyan@gmail.com
1
Chemical Technologies Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science & Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Eliassi
eliassi@irost.ir
2
Chemical Technologies Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science & Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Maryam
Ranjbar
marandjbar@gmail.com
3
Chemical Technologies Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science & Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Synthesis and Statistical Analysis of Changing Size of Nano-structured PbO2 during Mechanical Milling Using Taguchi Methodology
The research investigates synthesized Nano-structured PbO2 using ball milling. The structure and morphology of the samples were determined in the process of milling by means of XRD and SEM. The size of particles was estimated through DLS analysis. The TEM image of the synthesized powder verifies the achievement of Nano dimensions. Design and analyses of the results using Taguchi methodology reveal that the size of synthesized Nano-structured PbO2 decreases as ball to powder ratio (BPR) increases while the average size of the particles increases as mechanical milling speed increases from 200 to 250 rpm. Considering the results of TEM, the size of the synthesized Nano-structured PbO2 by means of mechanical milling was estimated to be 50 Nanometers. In addition, the even distribution and spherical morphology of the synthesized powder by this method is crystal clear in SEM images. Additionally, the result of the statistical analysis of particle size based on the effective parameters by means of Minitab software showed that BPR parameter had the greatest impact on the size of particles; BPR increase improved the objective parameter as compared with other parameters under study. According to the results obtained by Minitab software and considering the little influence of time on particle size decrease and in order to minimize the costs of synthesis, it is suggested the synthesis process be done in two hours and the BPR parameters be increased so as to decrease the size of particles.
https://jpst.irost.ir/article_391_12d5a410fdd134da86a7b53acd33fdb1.pdf
2016-03-01
49
54
10.22104/jpst.2016.391
Synthesis
Mechanical milling
PbO2
Nano-structure
Design of experiment
Maryam
Omidvar
maryam_omidwar@yahoo.com
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Esmaeil
Koohestanian
koohestanian@gmail.com
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Omid
Ramezani Azghandi
omid_r64@yahoo.com
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
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